DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e155799

Authors: Astisiasari Astisiasari, Wisyanto Wisyanto, Dian Melati, Sukristiyanti Sukristiyanti, Raditya Umbara, Yukni Arifianti, Trinugroho Trinugroho, Lian Andikasari, Taufik Ramdhani

Abstract: Landslide exposure is an adept approach to measuring the consequences of a landslide hazard on elements at risk. Landslides in the Bogor area, Province of West Java, Indonesia, have increased in number and consequences since 2015. The Bogor area also has a fairly large population that may aggravate the impact. Accordingly, this study aims to measure the landslide exposures over two substantial elements (i.e., population and land use). The actual resources for these exposed elements are available from the open-access geodata and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. For the land use classification, this study employs two robust machine-learning (ML) algorithms on a GEE-based Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA), i.e., Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Tree Boosting (GTB). Moreover, the population data were retrieved from WorldPop estimates. Landslide exposures were then analyzed through an overlay between these two elements with a landslide hazard map sourced from the former study. The results show that in 2020, the Bogor area had an exposed population of 885,353 people, with Bogor Selatan District having the highest exposed population (135,475 people). Moreover, in 2021, the Bogor area had a total exposed land use reaching 347.9 km2, with built-up area having the most extensive, reaching 45.9% of the total exposed area. Here, Sukajaya District had the largest exposed land use (39.1 km2). This study is expected to reach multifaceted entities that contribute to strengthening landslide risk reduction. Through this spatial awareness of the highly exposed areas to landslides, mitigation measures can be taken accordingly.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e149029

Authors: Nikolai Dobrev, Plamen Ivanov, Konstantin Kostov, Emil Oynakov, Nina Nikolova, Boyko Berov, Orlin Dimitrov, Elena Koleva-Rekalova, Miroslav Krastanov, Rosen Nankin

Abstract: This article aims to present the results of an 11-year monitoring of micro-tectonic movements along dangerous cracks opening in caves at Cape Kaliakra, Northeast Bulgaria. Two 3D monitoring devices TM71, were installed in two caves, the purpose of which is to monitor the movements of the rock blocks along dangerous cracks. The obtained results of microdisplacement measurements from 2013 to 2023 show active movement along the observed cracks. This is expressed not only in linear trends but also in sudden shifts and short-term shifts followed by recovery (oscillations). The comparison with the local and regional seismicity shows a correlation between the abrupt movements and seismic events along the Batovo fault. Data from the automatic weather station in the town of Kavarna point to a possible link between some oscillation type movements and heavy rainfall in the research area. The results of the analyzes show the importance of long-term monitoring in clarifying the recent geodynamics in the research area. The results obtained provide valuable information about the dynamics of this region, and hence about the geomorphological evolution and the physical-geological hazardous phenomena. The registered movements show the connection between gravitational movements and tectonic ones. For the first time, data obtained through instrumental observations are published, proving the activity of fault structures in this part of Bulgaria. The results can also be used to predict dangerous slope destabilizations, as well as to reduce the risk of their occurrence.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e126650

Authors: Tsvetan Parov

Abstract: Discovered only about 200 years ago, Antarctica is the poorest and most isolated ecosystem on Earth. Its thinner atmosphere, due to the centrifugal forces of Earth’s rotation, the ozone hole, and stronger solar radiation, creates a natural laboratory that provides information about the state and trajectory of Earth’s climate condition. This study aimed to determine the depth of heat penetration from the surface of the glacier into the crevasses in the ablation zone and establish the zone of constant temperatures in the glacier. It explored the relationship between the air temperature at the glacier surface and the temperature distribution in the crevasses, including the temperature gradient at different levels and the direction of the airflow. We used autonomous data loggers for measuring and recording temperature and relative humidity. The measured depth reached 18 m in the central part of the glacier and 9 m in the periphery. An ultrasonic anemometer was installed in the deepest crevasse in to the center of the glacier to determine the size and direction of air flows. Meteorological parameters such as air temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and solar radiation were measured on-site using autonomous sensors and recording devices mounted on installations on the glacier surface and at depth using alpine techniques. The results show a temperature gradient through 3-meter layers, a relatively clear boundary of the constant temperature zone, and a significant infiltration of cold air through the crevices driven by turbulent wind processes. Additionally, a weak negative correlation was found between solar activity and temperatures in the crevasses. It appears that as solar activity increases, the temperature decreases. There are also weak but consistently positive correlations with air movement both upward and downward. The temperature becomes constant with the increase of the depth until a zone of constant temperatures is determined and the temperature variance becomes insignificant. This zone varies in different crevаsses, meaning it is influenced by the specific characteristics of each crevasse location. At shallow depths, temperature is influenced by external temperature, but with the depth increasing this influence decreases. On windy days, the zone of constant temperature expands. During higher solar activity, air circulation accelerates—both upward and downward. The relationship between solar activity and climatic processes in glacier drainage systems adds new insights to solar-terrestrial physics.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e128013

Authors: Melike Durak

Abstract: Kuruçay Stream basin, located in the Edremit district in northwest Turkey, is a small, narrow and long basin with an area of 17.3 km2, extending in the N–S direction, located on the southern slopes of Mount Ida. The study was carried out to determine the soil erosion susceptibility and distribution of Kuruçay Stream basin, as well as to estimate the annual average amount of soil loss through the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). To apply the equation to the basin, data layers for rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length (L) and slope steepness (S), landcover management (C), and support practice (P) factors were generated. The layers were then overlaid, calculations were made and erosion susceptibility classes were generated. Thus, the spatial distribution of erosion susceptibility classes and the annual estimated amount of soil loss were determined. Based on the results, the Kuruçay Stream basin was found to have five distinct erosion susceptibility levels: low, moderate, high, severe, and extremely severe. Accordingly, 76% of the basin has low, 11.3% moderate, 6% high, 2.9% severe and finally 3.7% very severe erosion susceptibility. The Kuruçay Stream basin shows similar characteristics with the neighbouring river basins in terms of erosion sensitivity.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e116695

Authors: Boyko Berov, Antoaneta Frantzova, Plamen Ivanov, Nikolai Dobrev, Miroslav Krastanov, Rosen Nankin

Abstract: As part of the Reimbursable Advisory Services on Accelerating Resilience to Disaster Risks, the World Bank worked with the Interior Ministry of Bulgaria to develop a proposal for the National Disaster Risk Profile of Bulgaria. The purpose of this document, which is the fourth technical annex to the proposal for the National Disaster Risk Profile, is to provide particular conclusions, information, and techniques that were utilised to evalu-ate the risk of landslides in Bulgaria. For the first time at the national level, landslide risk assessment procedures based on ISO/IEC 31010:2019 Risk assessment techniques are being developed and applied in Bulgaria. The five primary categories in which the results are presented are physical safety, economic security, social well-being, environmental security, and security of tangible assets and critical infrastructure. The uncertainty (confidence) parameter is utilised, and it is subdivided into the following three basic categories: low uncertainty, medium uncertainty, and high uncertainty. The produced results demonstrate consistent applicability to empirical data analysis and real-world situations.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e120301

Authors: Emil Gachev, Erald Meshini, Simeon Matev, Martin Iliev, Georgi Gachev, Maria Gacheva

Abstract: Several perennial snow and ice bodies have been recently studied and monitored in three mountain massifs across the Balkan Peninsula: Prokletije (Northern Albania), Durmitor (Montenegro) and Pirin (Bulgaria), the two glacierets in the Pirin Mountains until soon considered as southernmost of their kind in Europe. In September 2022 a relatively large snow field (about 1.5 ha) was discovered and described for a first time in the glacial cirque Gryka e Kazanit in the Nëmerçka Mountains of Southern Albania. The snow accumulation lies on 1550–1650 m a.s.l. below a vertical limestone cliff with a height of almost 1000 m. The site was visited again in November 2023, when the snow field diminished its size to less than 1 ha. At the same time, multi-annual firn layers were exposed under the last year snow, with depth at least several metres, and indications were observed of ice, buried in the debris cover below. Newest findings indicate that the studied snow-firn body is a glacieret similar to those found in the Pirin Mountains. On a longer-term, nine perennial snow/firm bodies on the Balkans resemble small glaciers rather than snow and ice patches at least under current climatic conditions. Situated on 40°08′ Northern latitude, the newly discovered Nemërçka Glacieret is nominated to be the southernmost glacier in Europe.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e119556

Authors: Petko Bozhkov

Abstract: Block streams, also known as stone rivers, are common periglacial landforms in the alpine and subalpine zone of the Balkan Peninsula. These features are especially widely spread in the valleys, slopes and summit of Vitosha Mountain. The presented research aims to estimate the total area of block streams and perform morphometric analysis of these landforms within the basin of Vladayska River. Block streams are digitized man-ually from orthophotographs and topographic maps using GIS software. Morphometric parameters such as area, length, width, elongation ratio and mean elevation are calcu-lated or extracted from a digital elevation model for each polygon. A linear regression test was conducted to evaluate the relationship between morphometric properties. Results indicate a significant correlation between the area and perimeter (R2 = 0.93) and between the length and width (R2 = 0.94) of the block streams. Block streams are present in the elevation range between 1177 and 2244 m, covering a total area of 169.7 ha. The largest ones occupy the area of Zlatnite Mostove and Yurushki Most, as well as the vicinity of Cherni Vrah Peak. Their length varies from 5–6 m up to 2.2 km, while their width changes from a few meters up to 0.6–0.7 km. Comparisons between block streams from different sites within the catchment area yield new insights into the diver-sity of these landforms. Their dimensions and spatial distribution are key to understand-ing the processes of their formation and evolution.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e114034

Authors: Tsvetan Parov

Abstract: This study focuses on the meteorological parameters of the near atmosphere, the surface of the Earth and karst areas, such as temperature of water and air, relative humidity, and wind speed. These parameters are significantly influenced by solar activity, which in turn affects the temperature distribution in karst underground cavities, specifically in the “Kolkina Dupka” cave located within the Ponor Mountain of the Western Balkan Mountains range in Bulgaria. This is the deepest and longest cave in Bulgaria with a length of more than 20 km and a calculated depth of 800 m. Meteorological data within the cave was collected using data loggers, while surface weather data was sourced from National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Bulgaria. Solar activity information was obtained from the website of the Royal Observatory of Belgium. The impact of solar activity on karst regions is substantial and affects temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation. Changes in solar radiation can alter heat absorption on the surface of the Earth, leading to shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns. We performed statistical analysis and modeling to understand the complex interactions between Earth's near atmosphere, the karst system of the Kolkina Dupka cave, and the role of air and water flows in regulating cave temperatures. Results showed a significant negative correlation between air temperatures in the deep underground airflows (at a depth of 130 m below the surface) and temperatures at the cave entrance (at a depth of 40 m during the winter months. Conversely, during spring and summer, an intriguing reversal occurs where higher external temperatures are linked to increased air temperatures at the cave entrance, accompanied by lower temperatures in the deeper zone. Furthermore, by employing “lagged correlations” in result analysis, investigating correlations between internal temperatures and external temperatures over the preceding and subsequent seven days, cyclic variations in heat exchange between the near-surface atmospheric layer and the underground temperatures within the karst system were observed. Specifically, a consistent temperature elevation was noted at the cave entrance three days prior to an increase in external temperatures during the spring-summer season. This temporal relationship was also observed in the solar activity data, where an increase in temperature at a depth of -40 m was registered three days prior to the escalation of solar activity within the measured range of 2800 MHz. The obtained results formed the basis for the development of new theories in solar-terrestrial physics. In summary, there is a connection between solar activity and Earth's climate, but it is not a direct and simple correlation, and it is just one piece of the larger puzzle that shapes temperature variations of the Earth. Climate science involves studying these interactions over extended periods to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the climate system of the Earth.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e101301

Authors: Petar Stefanov, Hristina Prodanova, Dilyana Stefanova, Vanya Stoycheva, Gergana Petkova

Abstract: Karst is a widely spread natural phenomenon which provides essential benefits to human society, such as drinking water. The water cycle in the karst geosystems is the main factor for their formation and at the same time one of the main drivers for ecosystem services (ES) provision. The monitoring of the water cycle can provide valuable information regarding its functioning and ensure data for ES assessment. This paper aims to present an overview of the monitoring of the water cycle in the karst geosystems and the opportunities to integrate the monitoring data into the water regulation ES assessment. The monitoring of the water cycle is based on the methodological framework ProKARSTerra. It is applied in model karst geosystems, which are representative of the main karst types in Bulgaria. One of them is the Brestnitsa karst geosystem, which is the case study of this work. The monitoring ensures data for analyses of the water cycle which can be used in the assessment of water-related ecosystem services. The results from the analyses of the data requirements and availability show that some services such as water flow regulation and regulation of chemical condition of freshwaters can be easily provided through data for quantification, while for others further studies are needed. The results of the long-term integrated monitoring in Brestnitsa karst geosystem provide the foundation for important conclusions and models for the karst genesis and function under global changes and active anthropogenic pressure. Their integration into the assessment framework and mapping of ecosystem services is an essential step towards the development of models for sustainable use of natural resources in the karst areas.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e97974

Authors: Ianko Gerdjikov, Zornitsa Dotseva, Eli Pavlova-Traykova, Dian Vangelov

Abstract: One of the biggest rivers in the southern part of the Balkan peninsula – the Mesta River is wellknown for frequent flash floods, especially in the upper river course. As a result of severe storms and related heavy rain in mid-July 2019, the Cherna Mesta River flooded, and this resulted in heavy damage to the road infrastructure and water-supply systems. All data indicate that this was not a usual water flood, instead at peak flow, the river carried a huge amount of gravel. Our mapping of erosional and depositional features related to the 2019 event, as well as geomorphological analysis, allows for distinguishing distinct sectors along the river valley. Most hazards are defined in the lower reaches of the Cherna Mesta River, where the processes of channel aggradation and lateral erosion are pronounced. The field analysis of the flood-related deposits indicates the operation of debris flood and hyperconcentrated and water flood processes.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.e68982

Authors: Emil Gachev

Abstract: Periglacial landforms are typical features of the high mountain environment on the Balkan Peninsula. Their formation and diversity is determined by climatic, topographic and geological factors. Presently active periglacial processes occur above 1700-2000 m a. s. l., while relict features are observed down to 1100-1400 m a. s. l. Among the most prominent periglacial landforms are the extensive talus screes and fans, the numerous rock glaciers (especially in Rila, Pirin, Shar and Prokletije Mountains) – considered mostly relict – and nivation features (nivation cirques, long-lasting snow patches), as well as cryo-clastuc landforms (stone seas and strips). The present study aims to focus on the importance of geological conditions (bedrock composition and structure, tectonic settings) for the diversity and style of periglacial landforms – a factor, whose role has often been underestimated. The analysis and the derived conclusions are based mainly on regional and local comparisons between the high mountains throughout the peninsula.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.43.12

Authors: Tzanko Tzankov, Svetla Stankova

Abstract: The article represents the author’s contemporary mobility concept about the morphotectonic nature of the South Moesian Morphostructural Zone in North Bulgaria. The mentioned morphounit corresponds with the Moesian Continental Microplate South Margin between Timok River to the west and Kamchia River to the east. The north boundary of the zone coincides with fault bundle system along the Lower Danube River between Timok River Infuse to the west and the town of Cherna Voda to the east and between the towns of Cherna Voda and Constantsa in Nord Dobrudzha. The south boundary of the zone is following on the north slopes of the Fore Balkan and Stara Planina Mountain Ranges. The short west boundary near the Timok River separates the zone from the Carpathian Continental Microplate. The east zonal boundary limits it from the Black Sea Oceanic Microplate. The South Moesian Morphostructural Zone is representing one of the most contemporary fragments from the large post Early Pleistocene Orthoplain in the Balkan Peninsula North-East Part. It plane-lowland zonal relief contrasts with the relief of the neighbor first-rare morphotectonic units. The internal zonal pattern includes the Lower Danube Morphostructural Area (with Lom and Lovech Morphostructural Regions) and Ludogorie Morphostructural Area (with Isperih, Shumen and Dobrich Morphostructural Regions). The South Moesian Morphostructural Zone is a north part of the Maestrichtian-Early Neozoic Morphotectonic Suture between the Bulgarian and Moesian Continental Microplates during the New Europe Continental Massif Building. The till today continued Gondwana-New Europe Transcontinental Collision in the Mediterranean Region has bring very intensive Post Early Pleistocene Orthoplain Destruction and high mountain relief building (Rila, Pirin, Rhodope Mountain Massifs) in the Bulgarian Continental Microplate South-West Parts. The mentioned collision has causes the Fore Balkan and Stara Planina Syncinematic Uplifting in the suture zone between the Bulgarian and Moesian Continenta Microplates to. The South Moesian Morphostructural Zone has stay unaffected from those morphotectonic processes.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.42.7

Authors: Velimira Stoyanova

Abstract: The present paper is dedicated to the life and scientific work of Corresponding Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Professor Kiril Mishev Ivanov because of the 15th anniversary of his death in 2020. The article focuses on his background and family, his education and professional career. An overview of his renowned and significant scientific publications is made.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.42.12

Authors: Svetla Stankova, Tzanko Tzankov, Raina Hristova, Milena Stoyanova, Milen Penerliev

Abstract: The article is dedicate to the life and the creation of one notable Bulgrian investigator, scientist and pedagogue – Prof. Todor Ivanov Krastev DSc (Geography). The principal features of his personality are the big creative energy, impressive capacity for work and restless research spirit. It worldly and creative way is a splendid example for a dedicated work for the science. The results of Prof. Krastev investigations belong to the most Bulgarian Natural Geography achievements for the second part of the twenty century.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.42.11

Authors: Georgi Zhelev, Alexander Gikov, Eugenia Roumenina

Abstract: This paper presents the biography of the scientist Professor DSc Hernani Borisov Spiridonov. July 2020 marks the 85th anniversary of his birth. His scientific achievements are related to geomorphology, geotectonics and the development remote sensing methods, He is one of the founders of the scientific major Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space in Bulgaria.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.42.10

Authors: Yulia Kroumova, Vladimir Vlaskov, Valentin Nikolov

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the creative path and the scientific heritage of Prof. Ivan Vaptsarov – one of the remarkable scientists for the Bulgarian geography of the last century. The experience during the professional development from technician-geologist to professor and director of the Institute of Geography is accompanied by a research precision and focused interest in geomorphology, geology and physical geography. In this respect, original are the researches on the contemporary relief genesis and evolution, on the ore-controlling morphostructures of Southern Bulgaria, on the denudation surfaces number and age, as well as on the genesis of the piedmonts surfaces of the "glasis" type. As a leader of many large scientific teams and an initiator of large-scale projects, Prof. Ivan Vaptsarov successfully unites the highly professional knowledge on structural geomorphology and on geomorphological mapping with the qualities of a skilful administrator and a prominent and valorous geographer.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.42.9

Authors: Emilia Tcherkezova

Abstract: Prof. PhD Dinyo Dimitrov Kanev was one of the most distinguished Bulgarian scientists and university lecturers in geomorphology of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula. The paper presents prof. Kanev’s main scientific works. On the basis of their analysis, they have been grouped into books, maps and atlases, as well as publications related to various thematic topics, e.g. investigations of denudation surfaces, the impact of the base level of erosion on the relief development, studies of the geomorphological evolution of various areas in Bulgaria, morphostructures and morphostructural development of Bulgaria’s relief, the neotectonic movements and their geomorphological response, studies of the volcanic relief in Bulgaria, as well as analysis of the seismic activity and the impact of the relief on the seismic effects, etc. Other works, such as ones related to the problems of the geomorphological investigations in Bulgaria, the geomorphological specifics of the Main Watershed of the Balkan Peninsula, the relation between relief and recreational resources, etc., have also been presented in the paper. Additionaly, the contributions of Prof. PhD Dinyo Kanev to the establishment of section “Geomorphology and Cartography” (now “Climatology, Hydrology and Geomorphology”) in the Faculty of Geology and Geography at the Sofioter University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, Sofia and to the development of geomorphology and cartography as scientific fields in Bulgaria are highlighted.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.42.8

Authors: Angel Velchev

Abstract: Assoc. Prof. Martin Glovnia works on the problems of the relief in high mountainous areas, especially the glaciation and periglacial zones with appearance of cryogen processes. He publishes many learning books for students in the universities and high schools.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.42.6

Authors: Valentin Nikolov

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the creative path and the scientific heritage of Vladimir Popov – one of the remarkable scientists for the Bulgarian geography of the last century. The experience during the professional development from a research precision and focused interest in geomorphology, karstology and physical geography. In this respect, original are the researches on the contemporary relief genesis and evolution, karst region and caves in Bulgaria. The karst in Bulgaria occupies an area of 26 170 km2 or 22.7 % of the territory of the country (Popov 1970). It is distributed in carbonate bodies with a different structure, dynamics and spatial relationships. New zoning of karst is being carried out for the Bulgarian territory. It is divided into: plain; marine and transformed marine karst into plain and plain-marine karst; plateau-like karst; mountain and intermountain karst; karst wetlands and gravitation karst, provoked by catastrophic earthquakes. Karst in Bulgaria is characterized by great diversity due to the complex combination of the factors and conditions of its formation (geological, tectonic, geomorphologic, hydrological and hydrogeological, climatic, etc.) and to the geodynamic development. Regardless of the fact that karst is well studied, there are still fundamental problems in karstology that have not been solved as a whole. In 1970 and 1976yy Popov made the first zoning of surface and underground karst in Bulgaria according to the geological base.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2020.42.5

Authors: Velimira Stoyanova, Gergana Metodieva

Abstract: The paper is dedicated to the life and scientific activity of prof. Zheko Radev, in commemoration of the 145th anniversary of his birth. The paper focuses on his background and family, his education and professional career. An overview of his renowned and significant scientific publications has been made. Prof. Zheko Radev is the first Bulgarian scientist in the field of physical geography and one of the most distinguished Bulgarian geographers of the XX century. For the generations to come, Zheko Radev left 29 scientific works, some of them topical even a hundred years after they were published. He worked as a university professor for 25 years, during which he laid the foundations of physio geographical disciplines in Bulgaria. His scientific and pedagogical work is worthy of respect and admiration, and should serve as a bright example today and in the future.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2019.41.2

Authors: Stoyan Kyurkchiev

Abstract: Chelevchinitsa Cave is formed in the southwestern part of the Dobrostan karst region, Western Rhodopes. It has been subjected to microclimatic monitoring since April 2016. Air temperature, cave water and sediments are periodically measured at eight points, and thus the air humidity is determined. A micro-climatic zoning of the cave was being done on the basis of the analysis of the data on the temperature regimes for the period 2016–2018. A link has been sought between cave microclimate and global climate change using available data for the period 1979–2017 . The issue of the influence of the anthropogenic load on the speleomicroclimate as well as the impact of the cave enviorment on the health and safety of the tourists is also discussed. Particular attention is paid to the role of cave ventilation on the gas composition of the cave atmosphere, and especially on the regime of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and radon (222Rn).

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2019.41.1

Authors: Tzanko Tzankov, Svetla Stankova, Rosen Iliev, Ilia Mitkov

Abstract: The Complex Morphostructural Passages are the first rare negative morphostructural units in the Late Quaternary (Late Pleistocene- Holocene) Relief of the Balkan Peninsula East Part. They are composed by morphostructural passages, kettle morphostructures, morhostructural thresholds, river valley morphostructures and morphostructural gorges. The mentioned negative compound morphounits present the contemporary relicts from the post Early Pleistocene Orthoplain Denudation or Denudation-accumulative Plane. The Complex Morphostructural Passages participle together with the younger positive dome-like and mountain arched morphostructures in the contemporary relief building.

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DOI: 10.3897/jbgs.2019.40.1

Authors: Emil Gachev, Predrag Djurović, Krasimir Stoyanov, Galina Bezinskа, Miroslav Ivanov, Stefan Petrov

Abstract: The article presents the latest views about the origin of Hridsko lake in the mountain range Bogicevica, an eastern part of Prokletije massif (Dinaric range). Previous studies define the lake, which is situated at 1980 m a. s. l., and occupies an area about 3,5 ha, as a cirque lake, formed after the retreat of wuermian glaciers following the classical mechanism of glacial lakes formation. In result of our researches, which started in 2013, a new hypothesis evolved that the lake lies inside a large relict rock glacier, formed in the period after the termination of glaciers, which means that the lake depression has a rather periglacial origin. The new bathymetry mapping of the lake done in 2017 provides a support to this hypothesis.

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